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反特權:反腐倡廉的永恒主題

發布日期:2014年02月10日         來源:中國青年報

■習近平(ping)總書(shu)記在十八屆中(zhong)央紀委二(er)次全會上強調,反腐(fu)倡廉建設(she),必(bi)須反對(dui)特(te)(te)權(quan)思想、特(te)(te)權(quan)現象。共產(chan)(chan)黨員(yuan)永(yong)遠是勞動人(ren)民(min)的普(pu)通(tong)一員(yuan),除了法律(lv)和政策規定范圍內的個(ge)人(ren)利益和工作職權(quan)外(wai),所有共產(chan)(chan)黨員(yuan)都不得謀求(qiu)任何私利和特(te)(te)權(quan)。

■十八屆中央紀委三次全(quan)會公報(bao)強調,落實懲治和(he)預(yu)防腐(fu)敗體系工作(zuo)規劃,加強對領(ling)(ling)導(dao)干(gan)部特(te)(te)別是主要領(ling)(ling)導(dao)干(gan)部的監督(du),反對特(te)(te)權思想和(he)作(zuo)風。

特權現象衍生形態及特點

對當前特(te)權(quan)思想與特(te)權(quan)現(xian)象的(de)研究可以發現(xian),在強大(da)的(de)反腐聲(sheng)勢下,一(yi)些腐敗分子開始(shi)改變權(quan)力使(shi)用(yong)手(shou)段和方法,形(xing)成了(le)多(duo)種特(te)權(quan)衍生(sheng)形(xing)態,并在思想、行為(wei)、成因以及影響上呈現(xian)出一(yi)些新(xin)的(de)特(te)點,給反對特(te)權(quan)思想、特(te)權(quan)現(xian)象增加了(le)新(xin)的(de)難度。

一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)人特權思(si)想根深蒂(di)固。中(zhong)國(guo)封(feng)建(jian)社會(hui)(hui)經歷(li)幾千(qian)年,與(yu)此相(xiang)適應,官(guan)本位(wei)逐步演(yan)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種政治秩(zhi)序和規則,成為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)人處世(shi)辦事的(de)習(xi)慣性思(si)維。作為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)最具代表性的(de)傳統政治文化,經過幾千(qian)年的(de)沉淀與(yu)延(yan)續,官(guan)本位(wei)文化并沒(mei)有(you)隨著封(feng)建(jian)社會(hui)(hui)的(de)結束而消失,而是通過一(yi)(yi)(yi)種更為(wei)(wei)隱(yin)秘的(de)方式存在著,潛(qian)移默化地影響(xiang)著當今社會(hui)(hui)政治生(sheng)活。對一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)干(gan)部尤(you)其是領(ling)導干(gan)部而言,這種影響(xiang)根深蒂(di)固,甚至把擁(yong)有(you)特權作為(wei)(wei)顯示身份、地位(wei)的(de)招牌,目空一(yi)(yi)(yi)切,狂妄自大,唯我獨尊。

特(te)權(quan)現象花樣翻新。諸如“一(yi)把手”不遵守(shou)民主集中(zhong)制和(he)集體議事(shi)規則,搞“一(yi)言堂”。尤其是在重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)問題決策、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要干部任(ren)免、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)項目投資決策、大(da)額(e)資金(jin)使(shi)用(yong)等方面(mian)一(yi)人說(shuo)了(le)算。職(zhi)務(wu)消費上公權(quan)私(si)用(yong),超標準配備公車(che)和(he)公車(che)私(si)用(yong);公務(wu)接待(dai)不執行(xing)標準或無(wu)標準,住(zhu)豪華酒店、喝(he)高檔(dang)酒、抽(chou)高檔(dang)煙、吃天價(jia)宴席;用(yong)公款送(song)禮,禮品禮金(jin)越(yue)送(song)越(yue)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。認同(tong)“潛(qian)規則”,以權(quan)謀(mou)(mou)官、以權(quan)謀(mou)(mou)財(cai)、以權(quan)謀(mou)(mou)色等,都是“潛(qian)規則”特(te)權(quan)特(te)有的衍生(sheng)形(xing)式。

特權成因復雜多(duo)(duo)樣。導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)特權現象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產生的(de)(de)(de)原因是(shi)多(duo)(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de),既(ji)有(you)主觀動機,也(ye)有(you)客觀條(tiao)件(jian),既(ji)有(you)體(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)問題,也(ye)有(you)制(zhi)度(du)方面的(de)(de)(de)漏洞。因此(ci),反對特權現象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)要有(you)長期的(de)(de)(de)思(si)想準備。封建(jian)專制(zhi)歷(li)史傳統(tong)是(shi)其(qi)產生的(de)(de)(de)根源,制(zhi)度(du)不(bu)規(gui)范是(shi)其(qi)滋(zi)生的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian),監(jian)督不(bu)到位是(shi)其(qi)蔓延的(de)(de)(de)誘因,懲處不(bu)嚴厲是(shi)其(qi)存在的(de)(de)(de)癥結(jie)。對特權現象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)缺乏具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)定性標準,懲處力度(du)不(bu)夠,導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)人以身試法、鋌而走險。

特權(quan)(quan)思(si)想影響惡(e)劣(lie)。特權(quan)(quan)與(yu)(yu)腐敗之間沒有截然的(de)(de)邊(bian)界(jie),不(bu)少腐敗正是通過特權(quan)(quan)來(lai)實現的(de)(de)。但特權(quan)(quan)現象(xiang)(xiang)往往夾帶著一些(xie)冠冕堂皇(huang)的(de)(de)理由出現在人(ren)(ren)們面前(qian),一些(xie)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)以(yi)為恥、反以(yi)為榮(rong),其(qi)影響惡(e)劣(lie)危(wei)害極大。特權(quan)(quan)現象(xiang)(xiang)破(po)壞政(zheng)治生態(tai),損害黨的(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)。它顛倒了(le)權(quan)(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)來(lai)源、混淆了(le)權(quan)(quan)力(li)行使(shi)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)、模糊了(le)權(quan)(quan)力(li)行使(shi)的(de)(de)范圍、扭(niu)曲了(le)執政(zheng)為民的(de)(de)理念、滋生了(le)濫用權(quan)(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)壞作風,疏(shu)遠了(le)黨群關系,嚴重損害黨和政(zheng)府的(de)(de)威信與(yu)(yu)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)。

治理特權痼疾的對策

治(zhi)理(li)特(te)權(quan)痼疾(ji),既需要(yao)(yao)信心,也需要(yao)(yao)決心,更(geng)需要(yao)(yao)對癥(zheng)下藥的良方。我們必須抓住領(ling)導干(gan)部這個關鍵,從教育、制(zhi)度、監督和懲處等(deng)方面(mian)入手,努力(li)從根(gen)本(ben)上遏制(zhi)和逐步清除特(te)權(quan)思想與(yu)特(te)權(quan)現象。

強化(hua)(hua)思想(xiang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的引(yin)領(ling)是反(fan)對特(te)(te)權(quan)思想(xiang)的基(ji)礎。要從加強反(fan)腐倡廉(lian)(lian)(lian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)入手,抓住各級領(ling)導(dao)干部這個教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)重(zhong)點,堅(jian)持經常性(xing),注重(zhong)針對性(xing),突出實效(xiao)性(xing)。一方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian),要豐富(fu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)內容,深入開展(zhan)理(li)想(xiang)信念教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)、宗(zong)旨教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)和(he)廉(lian)(lian)(lian)政法規教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu),樹立正確的世(shi)界觀(guan)(guan)、人生(sheng)觀(guan)(guan)、價(jia)值觀(guan)(guan)與(yu)(yu)正確的權(quan)力觀(guan)(guan)、地位觀(guan)(guan)、利益觀(guan)(guan),使各級領(ling)導(dao)干部特(te)(te)別是高級干部自覺遵守(shou)廉(lian)(lian)(lian)政準則,從根(gen)源上(shang)遏制特(te)(te)權(quan)思想(xiang)。一方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian),要改進(jin)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的方(fang)(fang)(fang)式和(he)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法,堅(jian)持集中教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)日常教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)相結合、典型示(shi)范(fan)與(yu)(yu)反(fan)面(mian)(mian)警示(shi)相結合,采(cai)用廉(lian)(lian)(lian)政談話(hua)、任前談話(hua)、述(shu)(shu)職述(shu)(shu)廉(lian)(lian)(lian)、參觀(guan)(guan)警示(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)基(ji)地等形(xing)式,加強廉(lian)(lian)(lian)政宣傳教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu),筑牢廣大黨(dang)員領(ling)導(dao)干部思想(xiang)防線。此外(wai),清剿特(te)(te)權(quan)思想(xiang)文(wen)化(hua)(hua),全面(mian)(mian)推(tui)進(jin)廉(lian)(lian)(lian)政文(wen)化(hua)(hua)“六(liu)進(jin)”活動,凈化(hua)(hua)社會文(wen)化(hua)(hua)生(sheng)態,形(xing)成尚廉(lian)(lian)(lian)鄙腐的社會文(wen)化(hua)(hua)環境(jing)。

注重法(fa)規(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)完善與(yu)執行是(shi)(shi)反(fan)對(dui)特權(quan)(quan)現象(xiang)的(de)(de)根本。完善反(fan)對(dui)特權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)法(fa)規(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),切(qie)實(shi)(shi)(shi)提高法(fa)規(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)科學(xue)性(xing)、規(gui)范(fan)性(xing)與(yu)有效性(xing),減(jian)少體制(zhi)(zhi)障礙和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)漏洞。一是(shi)(shi)圍繞管人管錢管物及行政審批(pi)、公(gong)共(gong)資(zi)源(yuan)交易等重點(dian)領域和(he)關鍵(jian)環節,重點(dian)監(jian)控,先行加強法(fa)規(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)建設。二是(shi)(shi)以決策權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)規(gui)范(fan)行使為(wei)(wei)重點(dian),以執行權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)陽光(guang)公(gong)開(kai)為(wei)(wei)支撐,以監(jian)督權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)威有效為(wei)(wei)保障,進一步建立(li)健全結(jie)構合(he)理、配置科學(xue)、程序(xu)嚴密(mi)、制(zhi)(zhi)約有效的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)力運行機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi),確保崗位職權(quan)(quan)在(zai)法(fa)定軌道上運行。三是(shi)(shi)將現代(dai)科技手段(duan)融入廉政風險防(fang)控機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)建設之(zhi)(zhi)中,充分(fen)利用現代(dai)信息科技網絡技術,實(shi)(shi)(shi)行政務(wu)在(zai)網上公(gong)開(kai)、審批(pi)在(zai)網上運行、資(zi)源(yuan)在(zai)網上交易、資(zi)金在(zai)網上流通、監(jian)督在(zai)網上實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi),實(shi)(shi)(shi)現權(quan)(quan)力運行的(de)(de)流程再造(zao),從而有效防(fang)止暗(an)箱操作(zuo)。同時,要切(qie)實(shi)(shi)(shi)提高制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)執行力,對(dui)違(wei)反(fan)法(fa)規(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)必須堅決予以追(zhui)究,不允(yun)許(xu)任何集體和(he)個人凌駕于制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)上,實(shi)(shi)(shi)現制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)面前人人平等。

推進(jin)權(quan)(quan)力的(de)公(gong)(gong)開與監督(du)是(shi)反對特(te)權(quan)(quan)現象的(de)保證(zheng)。沒有(you)公(gong)(gong)開就沒有(you)監督(du)。要完善各(ge)項施政行為(wei)公(gong)(gong)開制度(du),切(qie)實推進(jin)黨務(wu)、政務(wu)、廠務(wu)、村務(wu)公(gong)(gong)開和各(ge)領域辦事公(gong)(gong)開,提(ti)高公(gong)(gong)開的(de)范圍和質量,讓(rang)“特(te)權(quan)(quan)”現象受(shou)到社會各(ge)界的(de)監督(du)及(ji)相關部門的(de)制約,使其無處遁形。

同時,要整(zheng)合(he)社會監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)資源,進(jin)一步協調黨(dang)(dang)內監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)、人(ren)(ren)大監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)、政協和(he)民主黨(dang)(dang)派(pai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)、政府內部監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)、司法監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)、新聞輿論監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)和(he)群眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)等(deng)力(li)量,健(jian)(jian)(jian)全(quan)(quan)巡視制(zhi)度,形成強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)合(he)力(li)。當前(qian)(qian)最重要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)做好以(yi)下三項工(gong)作:一是(shi)建(jian)立(li)健(jian)(jian)(jian)全(quan)(quan)有效監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi),如健(jian)(jian)(jian)全(quan)(quan)發現(xian)(xian)特(te)權(quan)問題機(ji)(ji)制(zhi),著(zhu)力(li)加(jia)強(qiang)事(shi)前(qian)(qian)和(he)事(shi)中(zhong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du);健(jian)(jian)(jian)全(quan)(quan)糾正錯誤機(ji)(ji)制(zhi),發現(xian)(xian)問題迅速解決;健(jian)(jian)(jian)全(quan)(quan)責(ze)任追究機(ji)(ji)制(zhi),嚴(yan)肅追究相關(guan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任。二是(shi)擴大人(ren)(ren)民群眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)情(qing)權(quan)與監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)權(quan),暢(chang)通(tong)群眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)渠道,加(jia)強(qiang)黨(dang)(dang)組織、各民主黨(dang)(dang)派(pai)和(he)普(pu)通(tong)群眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對領導干部的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du),營造(zao)(zao)“人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)反(fan)特(te)權(quan)”的(de)(de)(de)濃厚氛圍(wei)。三是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)公眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輿論監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)尤其是(shi)網絡(luo)(luo)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du),凈化(hua)公眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)環境(jing),健(jian)(jian)(jian)全(quan)(quan)實名舉報(bao)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi),保護公眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)權(quan),建(jian)立(li)舉報(bao)人(ren)(ren)信息(xi)保密(mi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi),積(ji)極營造(zao)(zao)網絡(luo)(luo)反(fan)腐(fu)氛圍(wei)。

加強(qiang)對特(te)權(quan)(quan)現象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)懲處與(yu)追(zhui)究是反對特(te)權(quan)(quan)現象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)利(li)器。堅(jian)持有特(te)權(quan)(quan)必(bi)反、有腐必(bi)反、有貪必(bi)肅,不(bu)(bu)論(lun)什(shen)么人,不(bu)(bu)論(lun)其(qi)(qi)職務多高(gao),只要(yao)觸犯(fan)黨紀(ji)國法(fa),都(dou)要(yao)受到嚴肅追(zhui)究和嚴厲懲處。要(yao)堅(jian)持“老(lao)虎”、“蒼蠅(ying)”一起打,堅(jian)持黨紀(ji)國法(fa)面(mian)前沒有例外(wai)。當前,尤(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)要(yao)嚴格執(zhi)行中(zhong)央“八項(xiang)規定”,對違反者(zhe)嚴肅懲處,以儆效尤(you)(you);嚴肅查辦領導干(gan)部以權(quan)(quan)謀取不(bu)(bu)正(zheng)當利(li)益、與(yu)民爭利(li)、損害(hai)群眾(zhong)利(li)益的(de)特(te)權(quan)(quan)案(an)件(jian),切(qie)實發揮查辦案(an)件(jian)的(de)治本功能,增強(qiang)查辦案(an)件(jian)的(de)政治、經濟、社會(hui)和法(fa)紀(ji)效果。

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