52次(ci)！《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央關于堅持和完善中(zhong)國(guo)特色社會主(zhu)義制度(du)、推進國(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)系和治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能(neng)力現代化(hua)若干重大問題的決(jue)定》全文中(zhong)，“監督”一(yi)詞(ci)共出現52次(ci)，是(shi)《決(jue)定》高頻詞(ci)之一(yi)。

監(jian)督(du)是治(zhi)理(li)的重(zhong)要(yao)方面，是權(quan)力(li)正確運行的根本(ben)保(bao)證。把監(jian)督(du)納入國家(jia)治(zhi)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，不斷健全黨(dang)和(he)國家(jia)監(jian)督(du)制度，完善權(quan)力(li)配置和(he)運行制約(yue)機制，構建一體(ti)(ti)推(tui)(tui)進不敢(gan)腐(fu)、不能(neng)腐(fu)、不想腐(fu)體(ti)(ti)制機制，既是推(tui)(tui)進國家(jia)治(zhi)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)和(he)治(zhi)理(li)能(neng)力(li)現代化(hua)的重(zhong)要(yao)內容，也是實現這一目標，確保(bao)黨(dang)和(he)人民(min)賦予(yu)的權(quan)力(li)正確行使(shi)的重(zhong)要(yao)保(bao)障。

52個“監督” 體現強化權力運行制約與監督的實踐探索

治(zhi)理(li)必治(zhi)權，治(zhi)權必監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)。《決定》中(zhong)的(de)(de)52個“監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)”，主要分布在堅(jian)持和完善黨(dang)的(de)(de)領導(dao)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)體(ti)系(xi)、堅(jian)持和完善人民當家(jia)作主制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)體(ti)系(xi)、堅(jian)持和完善中(zhong)國特色社會主義法治(zhi)體(ti)系(xi)等(deng)7個部分，既有(you)(you)強(qiang)調監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)又有(you)(you)強(qiang)調監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)，既有(you)(you)黨(dang)內監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)又有(you)(you)其他各類(lei)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)，生動反映了黨(dang)的(de)(de)十八大(da)以來，以習近平(ping)同志(zhi)為(wei)核(he)心的(de)(de)黨(dang)中(zhong)央(yang)，探索如何加強(qiang)對權力(li)運行的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)約和監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)，健全黨(dang)統一(yi)領導(dao)、全面覆(fu)蓋、權威高(gao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)，推進國家(jia)治(zhi)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)和治(zhi)理(li)能力(li)現代化(hua)的(de)(de)實踐(jian)。

從黨的(de)(de)(de)十八屆(jie)三中全會提出(chu)強(qiang)化權(quan)力(li)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)約(yue)和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，到黨的(de)(de)(de)十九大提出(chu)健(jian)(jian)全黨和(he)國(guo)家(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，構建(jian)黨統(tong)一指(zhi)揮(hui)、全面(mian)覆蓋、權(quan)威高效的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，再到十九屆(jie)四中全會明確(que)堅持和(he)完(wan)善黨和(he)國(guo)家(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，強(qiang)化對權(quan)力(li)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)約(yue)和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)，健(jian)(jian)全黨和(he)國(guo)家(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)制(zhi)度(du)，完(wan)善權(quan)力(li)配置和(he)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)約(yue)機制(zhi)，構建(jian)一體(ti)推進(jin)不(bu)敢腐、不(bu)能(neng)腐、不(bu)想腐體(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi)，近6年來，黨統(tong)一領導、全面(mian)覆蓋、權(quan)威高效的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)逐步構建(jian)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)嚴肅性、協(xie)同性、有效性不(bu)斷增強(qiang)，決(jue)策科學、執行(xing)(xing)(xing)堅決(jue)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)有力(li)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力(li)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)機制(zhi)正在(zai)形(xing)成。

32個“監督” 為強化權力運行制約與監督指明方向

“落實各級黨(dang)組織監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)責任”“強化(hua)(hua)政(zheng)治監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)”“完善派駐監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)制機制”“推進紀(ji)律監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)察監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)、派駐監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)、巡視監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)統籌銜接”“以(yi)黨(dang)內監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)為主導，推動各類監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)有機貫通(tong)、相互協調”……盡管《決定》的(de)52個“監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)”分布在7部分，但其中32個出(chu)現(xian)在第十四部分“堅持(chi)和(he)完善黨(dang)和(he)國(guo)(guo)家監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)”中，體(ti)現(xian)了監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)在強化(hua)(hua)對權力運行的(de)制約和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)，推進國(guo)(guo)家治理體(ti)系(xi)和(he)治理能(neng)力現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)中的(de)重要作用。

能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)否保持管黨(dang)(dang)治黨(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)穩定性，是(shi)一(yi)個政黨(dang)(dang)治理能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)現(xian)代化(hua)(hua)的(de)體現(xian)，也是(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)否實現(xian)“四(si)個自(zi)(zi)我(wo)”的(de)重要(yao)保障。黨(dang)(dang)和(he)(he)國(guo)家監督體系是(shi)黨(dang)(dang)在長期執政條件下實現(xian)自(zi)(zi)我(wo)凈化(hua)(hua)、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)完善(shan)、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)革(ge)新、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)提高(gao)的(de)重要(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)度保障。《決(jue)(jue)定》在強調健(jian)(jian)全黨(dang)(dang)統一(yi)領導、全面覆蓋、權威高(gao)效的(de)監督體系，增強監督嚴肅性、協同性、有效性，形(xing)成決(jue)(jue)策科學、執行堅決(jue)(jue)、監督有力(li)的(de)權力(li)運行機制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基礎上，從三(san)方面細化(hua)(hua)了這(zhe)方面的(de)工作部署：健(jian)(jian)全黨(dang)(dang)和(he)(he)國(guo)家監督制(zhi)(zhi)度，完善(shan)權力(li)配置(zhi)和(he)(he)運行制(zhi)(zhi)約機制(zhi)(zhi)，構(gou)建(jian)一(yi)體推(tui)進不(bu)敢腐(fu)、不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)腐(fu)、不(bu)想腐(fu)體制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)。

具體而言，從(cong)完善黨內(nei)監督(du)體系(xi)到重點(dian)加(jia)強對(dui)高級干部(bu)、各級主要(yao)領導干部(bu)等(deng)的監督(du)；從(cong)強化(hua)(hua)政治(zhi)監督(du)到以黨內(nei)監督(du)為主導，推(tui)動各類監督(du)有(you)機貫通、相互(hu)協調；從(cong)堅持權責法定、權責透明、權責統一，到堅定不(bu)移推(tui)進反腐敗斗(dou)爭，深化(hua)(hua)標本(ben)兼治(zhi)，一系(xi)列制度安排，成為推(tui)進制度治(zhi)黨依規治(zhi)黨的重大舉措，為黨不(bu)斷實(shi)現“四個(ge)自我”提供(gong)了重要(yao)制度保障。

25個“監督” 為健全黨和國家監督制度劃出重點

制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)管(guan)根本(ben)、管(guan)長遠。在(zai)(zai)《決定(ding)》“堅(jian)持和完善黨和國家(jia)(jia)監(jian)督體系”部(bu)分的32個“監(jian)督”中，有25個出(chu)現在(zai)(zai)“健全黨和國家(jia)(jia)監(jian)督制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)”，這為進一(yi)步健全黨和國家(jia)(jia)監(jian)督制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，把制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)優勢轉化為治理效能劃出(chu)重(zhong)點。

完善黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)內監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)。《中國共產黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)內監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)條例》第(di)九條規定，建立健全黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)中央統一領導，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)委(wei)（黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)(zu)）全面監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，紀律檢查機關專責(ze)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)工(gong)作部門(men)職能監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)基(ji)層組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)日(ri)常監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員民主(zhu)(zhu)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)內監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)。現實中，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)內監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)還存在(zai)一些漏洞(dong)，主(zhu)(zhu)要是不(bu)同主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)在(zai)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)內監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)中的(de)(de)地位、作用和職責(ze)不(bu)明晰；監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)之間信(xin)息溝通協(xie)調(diao)不(bu)順暢(chang)；對黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)委(wei)（黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)(zu)）的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)責(ze)任強調(diao)不(bu)夠，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)日(ri)常管理監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)缺位等，因(yin)此必(bi)須(xu)進一步落實各級黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)責(ze)任，保障黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)權(quan)利。

強化(hua)(hua)(hua)政治監(jian)督。推進國家治理(li)體系和治理(li)能(neng)力現代化(hua)(hua)(hua)，不是西方化(hua)(hua)(hua)、資本(ben)主義化(hua)(hua)(hua)，而(er)是堅持和完善(shan)中國特色社會主義制(zhi)度，因而(er)應當把政治監(jian)督擺(bai)在監(jian)督的首位，加強對黨的理(li)論(lun)和路線方針(zhen)政策以(yi)及重(zhong)大決策部署貫徹落實情況的監(jian)督檢查，完善(shan)巡(xun)視巡(xun)察整改、督察落實情況報告(gao)制(zhi)度。

以黨內監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為主(zhu)導(dao)，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)各類監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)有(you)機(ji)貫(guan)通(tong)、相互(hu)協(xie)調(diao)。黨統一(yi)(yi)領導(dao)、全面覆(fu)蓋(gai)、權威高效的監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系是一(yi)(yi)張織密(mi)了的監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)之網，既包括紀律監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、派駐監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、巡視監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)等，又包括人大監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、民(min)主(zhu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、行政監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、司(si)法監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、群眾監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、輿(yu)論監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)制度，發(fa)揮審計(ji)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、統計(ji)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)職(zhi)能(neng)作用。應進一(yi)(yi)步推(tui)動(dong)(dong)黨內監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和人大監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、民(min)主(zhu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、司(si)法監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)等各類監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)有(you)機(ji)貫(guan)通(tong)、相互(hu)協(xie)調(diao)。

紀檢監(jian)(jian)(jian)察機關作為黨內監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)專責機關，要緊(jin)緊(jin)圍繞堅(jian)持和完(wan)(wan)善中(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)社會(hui)主義制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和國(guo)家(jia)治理(li)體系，著力發揮監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)保(bao)障(zhang)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行、促進完(wan)(wan)善發展作用。要聚(ju)焦堅(jian)持和完(wan)(wan)善支撐中(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)社會(hui)主義制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的根本制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、基本制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、重要制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，突(tu)出政治監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)，強化(hua)日常監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)，構建全覆蓋(gai)的制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)機制(zhi)(zhi)，強化(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行力，保(bao)障(zhang)國(guo)家(jia)治理(li)各(ge)項決策部署、政策措施貫徹落實，保(bao)障(zhang)中(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)社會(hui)主義制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)切(qie)實得以堅(jian)持鞏固，把我國(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)優勢更好轉化(hua)為國(guo)家(jia)治理(li)效(xiao)能。（中(zhong)央紀委(wei)(wei)國(guo)家(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)委(wei)(wei)網站 薛鵬(peng)）

（中央(yang)紀(ji)委國家監委網站 文字整理 蘭琳宗 | 美術(shu)設計 李蕓(yun)）