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最早的火種在這里點燃 一大代表王盡美、鄧恩銘在淄博礦區

發布日期:2019年01月30日        

作(zuo)為中國(guo)共產黨的(de)(de)重要創始人(ren)的(de)(de)中共一大代(dai)表王盡美、鄧恩銘,在領導早(zao)期的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命活動(dong)特別是工人(ren)運動(dong)中,在淄川炭礦(kuang)留(liu)下了許(xu)多光輝的(de)(de)足跡。淄川區檔案館保(bao)存(cun)的(de)(de)有(you)關革(ge)(ge)命資料,真(zhen)實地記錄(lu)了兩位革(ge)(ge)命先驅在淄川的(de)(de)主(zhu)要活動(dong)。

1922年(nian)7月9日(ri),中(zhong)國勞(lao)動(dong)組合書記部(bu)(bu)山(shan)東(dong)分部(bu)(bu)獨(du)立創辦的《山(shan)東(dong)勞(lao)動(dong)周刊(kan)》第1號上發(fa)表了(le)王盡美親自撰(zhuan)寫的《礦業(ye)工會(hui)淄(zi)博(bo)部(bu)(bu)發(fa)起會(hui)志盛》一文。

文(wen)章(zhang)記(ji)述同(tong)年6月25日在淄川(chuan)炭礦(kuang)馬家莊機器(qi)圖算學校(xiao)內(nei)召開的(de)(de)礦(kuang)業工(gong)(gong)會淄博部發起會盛(sheng)(sheng)況。王(wang)盡美(mei)在文(wen)章(zhang)中(zhong)熱情贊揚淄博礦(kuang)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)新覺悟 :“發生(sheng)此空(kong)前(qian)(qian)盛(sheng)(sheng)會,真(zhen)令(ling)人(ren)驚異(yi),真(zhen)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)動(dong)運動(dong)之曙(shu)光啊!真(zhen)是山(shan)(shan)東勞(lao)動(dong)界空(kong)前(qian)(qian)之盛(sheng)(sheng)舉啊!”他興(xing)奮地指出 :“勞(lao)動(dong)運動(dong)的(de)(de)新潮,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)比起各國(guo)(guo)(guo)來(lai)(lai)已顯落后又(you)落后了(le)。尤其在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)北方的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)東省(sheng),更(geng)是長夜漫漫,不(bu)見一線曙(shu)光,又(you)誰知底層在黑暗(an)勢(shi)力之下的(de)(de)礦(kuang)工(gong)(gong)隊伍(wu)里,竟于(yu)不(bu)知不(bu)覺之中(zhong)發生(sheng)此空(kong)前(qian)(qian)盛(sheng)(sheng)會,真(zhen)令(ling)人(ren)驚異(yi)!令(ling)人(ren)佩服!我(wo)們歡(huan)樂到無所置詞了(le),只好表示一百二十分的(de)(de)誠意,歡(huan)呼:山(shan)(shan)東礦(kuang)業工(gong)(gong)會淄博部萬歲(sui)!全世界無產階級聯合起來(lai)(lai)呀!”

這既是對礦(kuang)業(ye)工會(hui)淄博部(bu)成立(li)的贊頌,也表明當時淄博礦(kuang)區(qu)工人的革(ge)命活動也影響到了(le)全省乃至全國。

這已經是王盡(jin)美(mei)第(di)二(er)次來到淄(zi)博(bo)礦(kuang)區。1921年(nian)(nian)7月,王盡(jin)美(mei)和鄧恩銘(ming)作為濟南共(gong)產主義小組的(de)代表(biao)出席了在上(shang)海召開的(de)中共(gong)一大。是年(nian)(nian)冬,王盡(jin)美(mei)邀(yao)中共(gong)北京區執委書(shu)記(ji)、中國勞動組合書(shu)記(ji)部北方分部主任羅章(zhang)龍(long)來山東考察,深入淄(zi)川(chuan)、博(bo)山礦(kuang)區,宣傳馬(ma)克思主義學說(shuo),物(wu)色(se)先進分子,開展工人運(yun)動。

王盡(jin)(jin)美(mei)于1922年(nian)6月(yue)第(di)二次來(lai)到(dao)淄(zi)川(chuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)區后,不僅到(dao)電氣部(bu)、機器部(bu)、庫房部(bu)、醫(yi)務部(bu)等處了(le)(le)解那些文化技(ji)術較高職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)意(yi)見和(he)要(yao)求,還(huan)深入到(dao)淄(zi)川(chuan)、十里莊、南(nan)(nan)旺、大昆(kun)侖、南(nan)(nan)定、西河等礦(kuang)(kuang)區工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)中,了(le)(le)解工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)勞動生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)狀(zhuang)況,傾聽(ting)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)呼(hu)聲和(he)愿(yuan)望,并向工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)們(men)(men)宣傳革命道理(li),啟發(fa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)們(men)(men)要(yao)組(zu)織起來(lai),建立自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)組(zu)織,謀(mou)求自(zi)身解放(fang)。王盡(jin)(jin)美(mei)還(huan)在洪(hong)山(shan)鎮馬(ma)家(jia)莊機器圖算學校多(duo)次召集(ji)礦(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開會(hui)(hui),聽(ting)他(ta)們(men)(men)訴說(shuo)受帝國主(zhu)義侵略(lve)和(he)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)家(jia)剝(bo)削的(de)(de)苦難生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)。王盡(jin)(jin)美(mei)懷著對礦(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)深切感(gan)情(qing),講述礦(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)苦難生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)根源,揭露(lu)帝國主(zhu)義侵略(lve)和(he)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)家(jia)剝(bo)削的(de)(de)罪(zui)行。他(ta)以自(zi)己(ji)在蘇聯的(de)(de)所(suo)見所(suo)聞,介紹在世界(jie)上第(di)一個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)階(jie)級掌握政權的(de)(de)國家(jia),人(ren)民的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)日新月(yue)異(yi)的(de)(de)變化,使(shi)淄(zi)博礦(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)看到(dao)了(le)(le)希望,找到(dao)了(le)(le)斗爭(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)目標(biao)。同時(shi),為(wei)了(le)(le)讓礦(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)們(men)(men)更直接地了(le)(le)解組(zu)織工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),他(ta)在礦(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中散發(fa)了(le)(le)《勸工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)友們(men)(men)快來(lai)入會(hui)(hui)》的(de)(de)傳單,明確提出(chu) :“我(wo)們(men)(men)發(fa)起這個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)(hui),就(jiu)是想將我(wo)們(men)(men)全體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)組(zu)成一個(ge)團體,專給工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)友們(men)(men)謀(mou)利益。”他(ta)還(huan)編了(le)(le)歌謠,流傳在礦(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中 :“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)白(bai)勞動,廠(chang)主(zhu)吸血蟲。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)無(wu)政權,世界(jie)太不公。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)站(zhan)起來(lai),革命打先鋒。”以此(ci)鼓(gu)舞礦(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)斗爭(zheng)(zheng)熱情(qing)和(he)士氣。

6月25日,王(wang)盡美等(deng)在馬家(jia)莊(zhuang)機器圖算(suan)學校內召開了(le)礦(kuang)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)(hui)(hui)淄博部發起(qi)會(hui)(hui)(hui),250余名煤礦(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)代表到會(hui)(hui)(hui)。會(hui)(hui)(hui)議選舉成立了(le)淄博第一(yi)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)(hui)(hui)組織——山東礦(kuang)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)(hui)(hui)淄博部,王(wang)盡美懷著對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)階級的深厚感情(qing)和熱切希望,發表了(le)生(sheng)動深刻、熱情(qing)洋溢(yi)的講話(hua)。他說(shuo) :“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)是創(chuang)造世界的主人(ren)(ren),可如今我們(men)數萬煤礦(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)友(you)們(men),還(huan)(huan)長久屈服于資本(ben)家(jia)剝削之下,每天(tian)埋(mai)在礦(kuang)井下的煤堆里(li),一(yi)滴(di)汗一(yi)滴(di)血(xue)地做十幾個鐘頭的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),像埋(mai)在地獄(yu)里(li),暗(an)無天(tian)日,稍(shao)一(yi)不慎(shen),還(huan)(huan)要連命舍上,而工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)錢(qian)僅得二三角(jiao)錢(qian),還(huan)(huan)要受凍(dong)挨餓。我們(men)創(chuang)造的億萬財富,哪里(li)去了(le)呢?被(bei)資本(ben)家(jia)剝削去了(le)!這(zhe)是何等(deng)不公平的事(shi)啊!我們(men)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)友(you)們(men)的地位是很可尊(zun)貴的,我們(men)要團(tuan)結起(qi)來,組織為(wei)自(zi)己謀利益的團(tuan)體……”王(wang)盡美滿腔熱情(qing)的一(yi)席話(hua),博得了(le)礦(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)們(men)一(yi)片掌聲。

1922年8月,鄧(deng)恩(en)銘(ming)利用其(qi)叔黃澤沛任淄(zi)(zi)川(chuan)縣(xian)知事(shi)的(de)有利條件,在(zai)(zai)淄(zi)(zi)川(chuan)縣(xian)城(cheng)住了下來(lai)開(kai)展工作。他(ta)以(yi)洪山“憲章(zhang)照相(xiang)館(guan)”作為秘密活(huo)動(dong)點,深入礦井、工棚(peng),宣(xuan)傳革(ge)命理論,發展先進(jin)分子。有一(yi)天,鄧(deng)恩(en)銘(ming)在(zai)(zai)宴席上認識(shi)了淄(zi)(zi)川(chuan)縣(xian)高等小(xiao)學(xue)校長馮乃章(zhang)。馮乃章(zhang)參(can)(can)加過“五四(si)運動(dong)”,他(ta)介紹鄧(deng)恩(en)銘(ming)認識(shi)了參(can)(can)加過“五四(si)運動(dong)”的(de)郭(guo)粹甫和(he)趙豫章(zhang)。共(gong)同的(de)革(ge)命理想把(ba)他(ta)們三(san)人(ren)(ren)緊(jin)緊(jin)聯系在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi)。鄧(deng)恩(en)銘(ming)除以(yi)學(xue)校為活(huo)動(dong)基地外,還經常深入礦區(qu)工棚(peng)宣(xuan)傳馬克思(si)主義(yi)(yi)和(he)共(gong)產黨的(de)主張(zhang),調查工人(ren)(ren)勞動(dong)、生活(huo)狀況,以(yi)啟發工人(ren)(ren)覺(jue)悟,培養(yang)革(ge)命力量,號(hao)召工人(ren)(ren)團結(jie)起(qi)來(lai),向帝國主義(yi)(yi)和(he)資本家進(jin)行(xing)斗爭。

1923年(nian)10月,王(wang)盡(jin)美(mei)獲悉(xi)魯大公司(si)資本家(jia)(jia)裁減工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)后,即到淄(zi)川(chuan)礦(kuang)區(qu)領(ling)導工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)開展反(fan)對資本家(jia)(jia)裁減工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的斗(dou)爭(zheng)。其間,王(wang)盡(jin)美(mei)發展了淄(zi)川(chuan)炭(tan)礦(kuang)工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)史長森入黨(dang)。同(tong)年(nian)11月,鄧恩(en)銘從(cong)青島給郭粹甫、趙豫章寄來一信,說(shuo)山(shan)東軍(jun)閥(fa)(fa)為籌軍(jun)餉(xiang)強征產銷稅,激起了膠濟鐵路沿線十余縣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)的反(fan)抗(kang),近聞山(shan)東軍(jun)閥(fa)(fa)又(you)將增設教(jiao)育捐,各(ge)地人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)已準備作普遍反(fan)抗(kang),希(xi)你們也積極響應這一斗(dou)爭(zheng)。兩人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)接信后,與校長馮(feng)乃章及“縣小學教(jiao)員聯合會(hui)”商量,決定在大昆侖炭(tan)棧工會(hui)發起抗(kang)教(jiao)育捐斗(dou)爭(zheng)。經各(ge)方(fang)努力(li),于(yu)12月取得斗(dou)爭(zheng)勝利。

他們利用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)次(ci)抗捐爭取的(de)款項,辦起了昆侖公立(li)兩(liang)級小學。鄧恩銘得知這(zhe)(zhe)一消息后,即(ji)從青島趕來淄川會見了參加這(zhe)(zhe)次(ci)斗(dou)爭的(de)有人員(yuan)。

1924年(nian)3月,鄧(deng)恩銘再次(ci)到(dao)淄川礦區(qu),指導工人運動,介(jie)紹斗爭中的積極分(fen)子趙豫章入黨,郭(guo)粹甫、周(zhou)濟南加入社(she)會主義(yi)青年(nian)團。5月8日,鄧(deng)恩銘在淄川給在貴(gui)州老家的父(fu)(fu)親發信,拒絕了父(fu)(fu)母多(duo)次(ci)催他回(hui)家完(wan)婚的要求。信中說 :“兒生性與(yu)(yu)人不(bu)同,最憎(zeng)惡的是(shi)名與(yu)(yu)利,故(gu)(gu)有負雙親之望(wang),但(dan)所志既(ji)為此,亦無可如何……完(wan)婚事(shi),已早將不(bu)能回(hui)去(qu)之意直達王(wang)家,兒主張(zhang)既(ji)定,決不(bu)更改,故(gu)(gu)同意與(yu)(yu)否,兒概不(bu)問,各(ge)行其是(shi)可也(ye)。舅父(fu)(fu)與(yu)(yu)印(yin)壽回(hui)南,兒本當(dang)同行,職務纏身,無法擺脫(tuo),故(gu)(gu)只好硬著(zhu)心腸不(bu)回(hui)去(qu),印(yin)壽如到(dao)荔,問他就知道一切情形(xing)了。兒明天回(hui)青島,仍就原事(shi)。”

王盡美、鄧恩(en)銘的(de)工作,為(wei)淄博(bo)地區(qu)(qu)黨(dang)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)建立準備了(le)充足的(de)條(tiao)件(jian),促進(jin)了(le)地方黨(dang)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)籌(chou)建工作。1924年7月,經中(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)央(yang)批準,中(zhong)共(gong)淄博(bo)支(zhi)部(亦稱中(zhong)共(gong)淄博(bo)礦區(qu)(qu)支(zhi)部)在淄川礦區(qu)(qu)正式(shi)成(cheng)立,直屬中(zhong)央(yang)領導。這是淄川也(ye)是淄博(bo)地區(qu)(qu)第一個中(zhong)共(gong)地方基層組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是繼濟南、青島之后在山東(dong)建立的(de)第三個直屬中(zhong)央(yang)的(de)支(zhi)部。

1925年(nian)2月,王盡(jin)美(mei)第四次(ci)到淄(zi)博(bo)(bo)礦(kuang)區(qu),指導(dao)發起(qi)成立了“淄(zi)博(bo)(bo)國民會(hui)(hui)議促(cu)進會(hui)(hui)”,深入(ru)礦(kuang)區(qu)找工人(ren)談話(hua),召開群眾(zhong)大會(hui)(hui),啟發工人(ren)覺悟(wu)。其間,他介紹同(tong)興煤礦(kuang)公司大昆侖炭棧的宋(song)壽田(tian)加入(ru)共產黨。同(tong)年(nian)8月19日王盡(jin)美(mei)不(bu)幸病逝于青島,時年(nian)27歲(sui)。

1928年10月,淄(zi)川(chuan)炭礦(kuang)工(gong)人(ren)準備舉行第二次大罷工(gong),不(bu)料(liao)被(bei)敵人(ren)破壞,有5名黨(dang)員被(bei)捕,形勢非常嚴峻。鄧恩銘不(bu)顧個人(ren)安危,再(zai)次來到淄(zi)川(chuan)。他深入群眾宣(xuan)傳中共(gong)六大精神,揭(jie)露國民黨(dang)對工(gong)人(ren)的欺騙,并(bing)在淄(zi)川(chuan)炭礦(kuang)東工(gong)廠建立秘密活(huo)動點,印刷(shua)宣(xuan)傳品(pin),宣(xuan)傳黨(dang)的主張,擴大黨(dang)在群眾中的影響,發展黨(dang)團工(gong)會組織,鼓勵工(gong)人(ren)從(cong)消沉中振作起來。

1929年(nian)(nian)1月19日,鄧恩(en)銘(ming)到濟(ji)南向(xiang)省委匯報工作時不幸被(bei)(bei)捕(bu)。1931年(nian)(nian)4月5日,被(bei)(bei)國民(min)黨(dang)反動派殺害于濟(ji)南緯八路刑場,年(nian)(nian)僅(jin)30歲。

啟(qi)示:“人生自古誰無死,留取(qu)丹心照汗青”在風雨飄搖的(de)舊(jiu)中(zhong)國(guo),在暗(an)無天日的(de)煤(mei)(mei)窯(yao)里,王盡美、鄧恩銘(ming)等許(xu)多革命前輩深入礦(kuang)(kuang)區點(dian)燃星(xing)星(xing)之火,引領煤(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)工人走上(shang)革命道路(lu),使淄(zi)博(bo)礦(kuang)(kuang)區成為中(zhong)國(guo)共產黨在山東煤(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)建黨的(de)發(fa)祥(xiang)地(di)。紅色(se)基因也由此深深地(di)融化在了山東能(neng)源百年發(fa)展的(de)血脈(mo)中(zhong),并成為生生不息、保持旺(wang)盛活力的(de)源泉。

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