環境(jing)保護部今日向(xiang)媒(mei)體通報了2015年上半(ban)年全(quan)國環境(jing)質量狀況(kuang)。
環境保(bao)護部環境監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)司司長羅毅介紹,2015年上半年,國(guo)家環境監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網繼(ji)續開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)環境空氣(qi)、酸(suan)雨(yu)、地(di)表水(shui)、集中式(shi)(shi)生活飲用(yong)水(shui)水(shui)源(yuan)地(di)、近岸(an)海域、城(cheng)市(shi)噪聲(sheng)等各環境要素(su)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)。全國(guo)338個(ge)(ge)地(di)級(ji)及以上城(cheng)市(shi)(含地(di)、州、盟所在地(di))共(gong)(gong)1436個(ge)(ge)國(guo)控點(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)空氣(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce),470個(ge)(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)(區、縣)共(gong)(gong)1011個(ge)(ge)點(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)酸(suan)雨(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce),七(qi)大流(liu)域和西南、西北(bei)及浙(zhe)閩片河流(liu)共(gong)(gong)956個(ge)(ge)國(guo)控斷面(點(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei))開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)地(di)表水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce),有325個(ge)(ge)地(di)級(ji)及以上城(cheng)市(shi)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)集中式(shi)(shi)飲用(yong)水(shui)水(shui)源(yuan)地(di)水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce),301個(ge)(ge)近岸(an)海域監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)海水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce),291個(ge)(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)功能區聲(sheng)環境質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)。
羅毅說,按照《環境空氣質量標準》(GB3095-2012),全國338個(ge)地級及以上城市(shi)(含地、州、盟(meng)所在地)達標天數比例(li)在5.5%~100%之間,平均(jun)為(wei)72.7%。平均(jun)超標天數比例(li)為(wei)27.3%,其中輕度(du)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)比例(li)為(wei)18.7%,中度(du)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)占(zhan)5.2%,重(zhong)度(du)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)占(zhan)2.7%,嚴重(zhong)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)占(zhan)0.7%。首要污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物為(wei)PM2.5。
第一階段實施空氣質量新標準的京津冀、長三角、珠三角區域及直轄市、省會城市和計劃單列市共74個城市(以下簡稱74城市)達標天數比例在21.1%~98.9%,平均為68.0%,同比提高6.9個百分點。首要污染物為PM2.5,其次是O3。京津冀、長三(san)(san)角、珠三(san)(san)角地(di)區空(kong)氣(qi)質量(liang)較(jiao)上年同期均(jun)有所(suo)好轉。74城(cheng)市(shi)中,空(kong)氣(qi)質量(liang)相(xiang)對較(jiao)差的后10位城(cheng)市(shi)(從第(di)(di)74名(ming)(ming)到第(di)(di)65名(ming)(ming))依(yi)次是保(bao)定、邢臺、鄭(zheng)州、唐山(shan)、石家莊、衡水、濟南、邯鄲、沈陽(yang)和(he)太原,空(kong)氣(qi)質量(liang)相(xiang)對較(jiao)好的前10位城(cheng)市(shi)(從第(di)(di)1名(ming)(ming)到第(di)(di)10名(ming)(ming))依(yi)次是海口、拉薩(sa)、惠(hui)州、舟山(shan)、廈門、中山(shan)、珠海、深圳、昆明和(he)福州。
上(shang)半年,開(kai)展酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)監(jian)測的全(quan)國470個(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)中,有164個(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)出現過(guo)酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)。與(yu)上(shang)年同期相比(bi),酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(降(jiang)水(shui)pH均值(zhi)(zhi)低于5.6)比(bi)例(li)、較重(zhong)酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(降(jiang)水(shui)pH均值(zhi)(zhi)低于5.0)比(bi)例(li)和重(zhong)酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(降(jiang)水(shui)pH均值(zhi)(zhi)低于4.5)比(bi)例(li)分別降(jiang)低4.5、5.8和3.2個(ge)百(bai)分點,全(quan)國酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)污染狀況總(zong)體(ti)有所改善。酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)主要分布(bu)在長江(jiang)中下(xia)游以南(nan)地區(qu),包(bao)括浙江(jiang)、江(jiang)西、福建、湖南(nan)的大部分地區(qu),以及重(zhong)慶西南(nan)部、長三角、珠(zhu)三角地區(qu)。酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)區(qu)面積占(zhan)國土面積的比(bi)例(li)約7.6%。其中,較重(zhong)酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)區(qu)占(zhan)國土面積的1.6%,與(yu)上(shang)年同期相比(bi),酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)區(qu)面積、較重(zhong)酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)區(qu)面積均降(jiang)低2.4個(ge)百(bai)分點。全(quan)國酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)頻率均值(zhi)(zhi)為14.8%。目前我(wo)國酸(suan)雨(yu)(yu)類型仍(reng)以硫酸(suan)型為主。
羅毅說,上(shang)半年,監測(ce)的956個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)地表(biao)水(shui)國(guo)控(kong)斷面中,Ⅰ類(lei)(lei)(lei)水(shui)質斷面占2.7%,同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)降(jiang)(jiang)低1.1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)(dian);Ⅱ類(lei)(lei)(lei)占31.2%,同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)提高(gao)3.2個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)(dian);Ⅲ類(lei)(lei)(lei)占30.2%,同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)降(jiang)(jiang)低0.8個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)(dian);Ⅳ類(lei)(lei)(lei)占18.9%,同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)降(jiang)(jiang)低2.0個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)(dian);Ⅴ類(lei)(lei)(lei)占6.7%,同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)升(sheng)高(gao)1.1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)(dian);劣Ⅴ類(lei)(lei)(lei)占10.3%,同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)降(jiang)(jiang)低0.4個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)(dian)。主(zhu)要污染指標為化學需氧量(liang)、總磷和(he)氨氮。有8個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)地表(biao)水(shui)國(guo)控(kong)斷面(點(dian)(dian)位)共(gong)出(chu)現18次重金屬超標現象,主(zhu)要超標指標為砷、汞,超標斷面主(zhu)要分布在云南(2個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge))、吉(ji)林(lin)(2個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge))、廣(guang)東(dong)(1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge))、江蘇(1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge))、福建(jian)(1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge))和(he)四川省(1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge))。
上半年,325個(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)級及以上城市集中(zhong)式(shi)飲(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)(di)取水(shui)(shui)(shui)總量(liang)為(wei)(wei)171.90億噸(dun),服務人口3.26億,達標(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)167.19億噸(dun),占取水(shui)(shui)(shui)總量(liang)的97.3%。898個(ge)(ge)集中(zhong)式(shi)飲(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)(di)中(zhong),地(di)(di)表飲(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)(di)558個(ge)(ge),534個(ge)(ge)達標(biao),占95.7%,主(zhu)要(yao)超(chao)標(biao)項目(mu)為(wei)(wei)總磷(lin)、氨(an)氮(dan)和(he)錳;地(di)(di)下飲(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)(di)340個(ge)(ge),296個(ge)(ge)達標(biao),占87.1%,主(zhu)要(yao)超(chao)標(biao)項目(mu)為(wei)(wei)鐵、錳和(he)氨(an)氮(dan)。
上(shang)半(ban)年,全國(guo)近岸海(hai)(hai)(hai)域監(jian)測點位中(zhong),一類(lei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比(bi)(bi)例為(wei)(wei)(wei)35.9%,二類(lei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比(bi)(bi)例為(wei)(wei)(wei)31.2%,三(san)類(lei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比(bi)(bi)例為(wei)(wei)(wei)7.6%,四(si)類(lei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比(bi)(bi)例為(wei)(wei)(wei)8.0%,劣(lie)四(si)類(lei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比(bi)(bi)例為(wei)(wei)(wei)17.3%。與上(shang)年同期(qi)相比(bi)(bi),一、二類(lei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比(bi)(bi)例提高0.3個(ge)(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點,三(san)、四(si)類(lei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比(bi)(bi)例升高2.7個(ge)(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點,劣(lie)四(si)類(lei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比(bi)(bi)例降低3.0個(ge)(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點。主要污染因(yin)子(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)機氮和(he)活性磷(lin)酸鹽(yan)。
上(shang)半年,全國開展功(gong)能(neng)區聲環境質量監測(ce)的291個城(cheng)市中,各(ge)類(lei)功(gong)能(neng)區晝間(jian)達(da)標(biao)(biao)率平均為92.7%,夜間(jian)達(da)標(biao)(biao)率平均為74.3%。與上(shang)年同期(qi)相(xiang)比,大部分城(cheng)市功(gong)能(neng)區晝間(jian)、夜間(jian)達(da)標(biao)(biao)率均有所(suo)提(ti)高,省會城(cheng)市功(gong)能(neng)區聲環境質量低于全國平均水平。