新華網北京4月16日電 日前國務院印發《水污染防治行動計劃》。這是當前和今后一(yi)個時期全國水(shui)污染防治工作(zuo)的行(xing)動指南。

黨中央(yang)、國(guo)務院高度重視水污染防治(zhi)工(gong)作。針對水污染防治(zhi)的(de)緊迫性、復(fu)雜性、艱(jian)巨性、長期性，行(xing)動計劃突(tu)出深化改革和創新驅動思(si)路，堅持系統(tong)治(zhi)理(li)、改革創新理(li)念(nian)，按照“節水優(you)先、空間均(jun)衡、系統(tong)治(zhi)理(li)、兩手(shou)發力(li)”的(de)原則(ze)，突(tu)出重點(dian)污染物、重點(dian)行(xing)業(ye)和重點(dian)區(qu)域(yu)，注(zhu)重發揮市場機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)決定性作用(yong)(yong)、科技(ji)的(de)支撐作用(yong)(yong)和法規(gui)標準的(de)引領作用(yong)(yong)，加快推(tui)進水環境質量(liang)改善。

行動計劃238項(xiang)具體治(zhi)理措施(shi)中，除(chu)了(le)136項(xiang)改進(jin)強(qiang)化措施(shi)、12項(xiang)研究探索性措施(shi)外(wai)，重點提出了(le)90項(xiang)改革(ge)創新措施(shi)。在自然(ran)資源(yuan)用(yong)途管制、水節約集約使用(yong)、生態保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)、資源(yuan)環境承載(zai)能力(li)監測(ce)預(yu)警機(ji)制、資源(yuan)有償(chang)使用(yong)、生態補(bu)償(chang)、環保(bao)市場、社(she)會資本投(tou)入、環境信息公開、社(she)會監督等方(fang)面體現了(le)改革(ge)創新的新要求。

行動計劃(hua)提出(chu)，到(dao)(dao)2020年，全國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)階段性改(gai)善(shan)，污染嚴重水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)較(jiao)大(da)幅度減少，飲(yin)(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全保障(zhang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平持(chi)續提升，地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)超采(cai)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)，地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)污染加(jia)劇(ju)趨勢得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)初步遏制(zhi)，近(jin)岸海域(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)穩中(zhong)(zhong)趨好(hao)，京津冀(ji)、長(chang)三(san)角、珠(zhu)三(san)角等區域(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)狀況有(you)所(suo)好(hao)轉。到(dao)(dao)2030年，力(li)爭(zheng)全國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)改(gai)善(shan)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態系(xi)統功能初步恢(hui)復。到(dao)(dao)本(ben)世紀中(zhong)(zhong)葉，生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)全面改(gai)善(shan)，生(sheng)態系(xi)統實現良(liang)性循環(huan)(huan)。主(zhu)要指標是(shi)：到(dao)(dao)2020年，長(chang)江、黃河(he)、珠(zhu)江、松花江、淮河(he)、海河(he)、遼(liao)河(he)等七大(da)重點(dian)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優(you)良(liang)（達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)或優(you)于Ⅲ類(lei)）比(bi)例(li)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)70%以(yi)上，地(di)級(ji)及以(yi)上城市建成區黑(hei)臭水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)均(jun)控(kong)制(zhi)在10%以(yi)內，地(di)級(ji)及以(yi)上城市集中(zhong)(zhong)式飲(yin)(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)或優(you)于Ⅲ類(lei)比(bi)例(li)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)高于93%，全國(guo)(guo)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)極差的比(bi)例(li)控(kong)制(zhi)在15%左(zuo)右，近(jin)岸海域(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優(you)良(liang)（一、二類(lei)）比(bi)例(li)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)70%左(zuo)右。京津冀(ji)區域(yu)(yu)(yu)喪失使(shi)(shi)用功能（劣于Ⅴ類(lei)）的水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)斷面比(bi)例(li)下降(jiang)15個百分點(dian)左(zuo)右，長(chang)三(san)角、珠(zhu)三(san)角區域(yu)(yu)(yu)力(li)爭(zheng)消除喪失使(shi)(shi)用功能的水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)。到(dao)(dao)2030年，全國(guo)(guo)七大(da)重點(dian)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優(you)良(liang)比(bi)例(li)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)75%以(yi)上，城市建成區黑(hei)臭水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)消除，城市集中(zhong)(zhong)式飲(yin)(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)或優(you)于Ⅲ類(lei)比(bi)例(li)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)(ti)為95%左(zuo)右。

為實現以(yi)上(shang)目(mu)標(biao)，行(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)計(ji)劃確定(ding)了(le)十個方面的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)：一是(shi)全(quan)面控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物排(pai)放。針對工(gong)業(ye)、城(cheng)鎮(zhen)生(sheng)(sheng)活、農業(ye)農村和船舶港口等污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)來源(yuan)，提(ti)出(chu)了(le)相應的(de)減排(pai)措(cuo)施(shi)。二是(shi)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)經濟結構轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級。加(jia)(jia)(jia)快(kuai)淘汰落后產能，合理確定(ding)產業(ye)發展布局(ju)、結構和規模，以(yi)工(gong)業(ye)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利用(yong)等推(tui)動(dong)(dong)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)發展。三是(shi)著力節約保(bao)(bao)護水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)。實施(shi)最(zui)嚴格水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)總量(liang)，提(ti)高用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)效(xiao)率，加(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)調(diao)度，保(bao)(bao)證重要河(he)流生(sheng)(sheng)態流量(liang)。四(si)是(shi)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)支撐。推(tui)廣示范先進適用(yong)技(ji)術，加(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)基礎(chu)研究(jiu)和前瞻技(ji)術研發，規范環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)產業(ye)市(shi)(shi)場，加(jia)(jia)(jia)快(kuai)發展環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)服務業(ye)。五是(shi)充分(fen)(fen)(fen)發揮市(shi)(shi)場機制(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)快(kuai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價改革(ge)，完善(shan)收費政(zheng)(zheng)策，健(jian)全(quan)稅(shui)收政(zheng)(zheng)策，促(cu)進多元投資(zi)(zi)，建(jian)立有利于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)治(zhi)(zhi)理的(de)激勵機制(zhi)(zhi)。六是(shi)嚴格環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)執(zhi)法(fa)監管。嚴懲各(ge)(ge)類(lei)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)違法(fa)行(xing)(xing)為和違規建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)與刑(xing)事司法(fa)銜接(jie)，健(jian)全(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測網絡。七是(shi)切實加(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)管理。強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)治(zhi)(zhi)理目(mu)標(biao)管理，深(shen)化(hua)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物總量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度，嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)(ge)類(lei)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)風險，全(quan)面推(tui)行(xing)(xing)排(pai)污(wu)許(xu)可。八是(shi)全(quan)力保(bao)(bao)障水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)安全(quan)。保(bao)(bao)障飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)安全(quan)，科(ke)(ke)學(xue)防治(zhi)(zhi)地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)，深(shen)化(hua)重點流域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)(zhi)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)良好(hao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)和海洋環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護。整治(zhi)(zhi)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)黑臭(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，直轄市(shi)(shi)、省會城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、計(ji)劃單列市(shi)(shi)建(jian)成(cheng)區(qu)于2017年底前基本消(xiao)除黑臭(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。九是(shi)明確和落實各(ge)(ge)方責(ze)任(ren)。強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)地方政(zheng)(zheng)府水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護責(ze)任(ren)，落實排(pai)污(wu)單位(wei)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)責(ze)任(ren)，國(guo)家分(fen)(fen)(fen)流域、分(fen)(fen)(fen)區(qu)域、分(fen)(fen)(fen)海域逐(zhu)年考(kao)核計(ji)劃實施(shi)情況，督(du)促(cu)各(ge)(ge)方履責(ze)到位(wei)。十是(shi)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)公眾參與和社(she)會監督(du)。國(guo)家定(ding)期公布水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質最(zui)差(cha)、最(zui)好(hao)的(de)10個城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)名單和各(ge)(ge)省（區(qu)、市(shi)(shi)）水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)狀況。加(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)社(she)會監督(du)，構建(jian)全(quan)民行(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)格局(ju)。